Aalaei, N., Ahmadi-Azad, S., & Nazari Bagha, K. (2025). High and low proficiency EFL learners’ attitudes toward homogeneous versus heterogeneous pairing: A qualitative inquiry. The Journal of Language Teaching and Learning, 15(1), 1-19.
Abbasi Dogolsara, S., Ahangari, S., & Seifoori, Z. (2022). Improving the fluency of the Iranian EFL learners’ oral performance through task variation. International Journal of Research in English Education, 7(3), 76-93. https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.4.1.164-175
Ackerman, P. L. (2022). Intelligence process vs. content and academic performance: A trip through a house of mirrors. Journal of Intelligence, 10(4), Article e128. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10040128
Aghajani, J., Rimani Nikou, F., & Ghafoori, N. (2024). Empowering vocabulary mastery: Exploring self-regulation strategies among Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Applied Linguistics Studies, 4(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.71664/jals.2024.202407031125844
Afini, V., Suratni, S., Kumalasari, C., Novia, F., & Purwanto, M. B. (2023). Language learning approaches: A study meta-analysis of vocabulary mastery in EFL learners. Journal of Language Development and Linguistics, 2(2), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.55927/jldl.v2i2.5805
Akrami, N. (2025). Application of multiple intelligences theory in lesson design and presentation. Journal of Social Sciences– Kabul University, 3(1), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.62810/jss.v3i1.211
Alishahi, M. H., Khodabakhshzadeh, H., & Ashraf, H. (2025). Examining the impact of multiple intelligences-based supplementary materials on the learners’ language achievement. International Journal of Instruction, 18(2), 227-244. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2025.18213a
Amiri, M., Montazer, G. A., & Mousavi, E. (2024). Educational customization by homogenous grouping of e‑learners based on their learning styles. arXiv, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2408.12619
Assingkily, M. S., Wulandari, Y., & Hasri, K. S. (2025). Multiple intelligence‑based strategies for civic learning in primary schools. Cendekiawan: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Studi Keislaman, 4(3), 794-813. https://doi.org/10.61253/cendekiawan.v4i3.402
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation, 2, (pp. 89-195). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60422-3
Azizpour, S., & Alavinia, P. (2021). The impact of focus on form and focus on forms instruction on grammar acquisition of the subjunctive by Iranian advanced EFL learners. Teaching English Language, 15(1), 215-249. https://doi.org/10.22132/TEL.2021.134368
Barkaoui, K., Holmes, J., & Van Viegen, S. (2025). Pre‑admission EAP course completion as evidence of English language proficiency for university admission: A longitudinal evaluation study. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 77, Article e101555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2025.101555
Biseko, J. M. (2025). Vocabulary learning in EFL context: Do primary school English subject textbooks provide structured support? Cogent Education, 12(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2455047
Chiu, T. K. F., Xia, Q., Zhou, X., Chai, C. S., & Cheng, M. (2023). Systematic literature review on opportunities, challenges, and future research recommendations of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, Article e100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100118
Ćirić Ognjenović, G. (2024). The Relationship between multiple intelligences and success in learning English as a foreign language. Facta Universitatis, Series: Teaching, Learning and Teacher Education, 8(1), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.22190/FUTLTE240126003C
Dörnyei, Z. (2006). Individual differences in second language acquisition. AILA Review, 19(1), 42-68. https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.19.01dor
Dumont, H., & Ready, D. D. (2023). On the promise of personalized learning for educational equity. npj Science of Learning, 8, Article e26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539‑023‑00174‑x
Fardad, Z., Koosha, M., & Shafiee, S. (2015). Relationship between EFL learners’ multiple intelligence scores, gender, and their vocabulary knowledge. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 4(12), 29-36.
Garavand, N., Azizifar, A., Gowhary, H., & Welidi, S. (2021). Relationship between intrapersonal intelligence of Iranian EFL university male and female learners and their grammar ability. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, 9(35), 157-166.
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: multiple intelligences for the 21st century. Basic Books.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference (16th Ed.). Routledge.
Geranpayeh, A. (2003). A quick review of the English quick placement test. Research Notes, 12, 8-10.
Gignac, G. E. (2018). Conceptualizing and measuring intelligence. In V. Zeigler-Hill, & T. Shackelford (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality and individual differences, 1, (pp. 439-464). Sage.
Gignac, G. E., & Szodorai, E. T. (2024). Defining intelligence: Bridging the gap between human and artificial perspectives. Intelligence, 104(C), Article e101832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2024.101832
Hajebi, M., Taheri, S., & Noshadi, M. (2018). The relationship between interpersonal intelligence, reading activity and vocabulary learning among Iranian EFL learners. International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies, 6, 48-56.
Hajhashemi, K., & Wong, B. E. (2010). A validation study of the Persian version of McKenzie’s multiple intelligences inventory to measure profiles of pre-university students. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 18(2), 343-355.
Harapan, E., Marisya, F., Marsinah, M., Malini, S., & Purwanto, M. B. (2024). Assessing work habits and discipline: High school teachers in South Sumatra province post in-service teacher professional education program (PPG-DALJAB). Gema Wiralodra, 15(2), 726-737. https://doi.org/10.31943/gw.v15i2.707
Harrison, V., Kemp, R., Brace, N., & Snelgar, R. (2021). SPSS for psychologists. Bloomsbury
Publishing.
Javanmard, Y. (2012). On the relationship between multiple intelligences and their performance on vocabulary tests among Iranian EFL learners. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: Linguistics & Education, 12(E12), 61-73.
Jensen, E., & Calvert, M. (2014). Multiple intelligences and success in school studies. Educational Research and Reviews, 9(22), 1213-1221.
Jiang, X., & Zhou, L. (2020). Application of multiple intelligences theory to English vocabulary teaching in college. Frontiers in Educational Research, 3(1), 41-52.
Kanwal, W., Quratulain, & Basit, I. (2020). Interrelation of multiple intelligences and their correlation with linguistic intelligence as perceived by college students: A correlation study. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 6(4), 1439-1447. https://doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i4.1468
Khan, R. U., Sadiq, N., Bhatti, A. H., & Waqas, M. (2025). Multiple intelligences as a framework for students’ holistic development: Analysis and way forward. Annual Methodological Archive Research Review, 3(4), 491-501. https://doi.org/10.63075/3gahs937
Kline, R. B. (2019). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesinin ilkeleri ve uygulaması (Principles and practice of structural equation modeling). Nobel.
Kopecny, S., & Hillmert, S. (2025). Empirical selectivity of study programmes in higher education: Does it matter for degree completion? Studies in Higher Education, 50(12), 2964-2979. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2447790
Leys, C., Klein, O., Dominicy, Y., & Ley, C. (2018). Detecting multivariate outliers: Use a robust variant of the Mahalanobis distance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 74, 150-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.011
Lim, J. J. Y., Zhang‑Li, D., Yu, J., Cong, X., He, Y., Liu, Z., … & Xu, B. (2025). Learning in context: Personalizing educational content with large language models to enhance student learning. arXiv, 1-19. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.15068
Madhkhan, M., Salehi, H., Tabatabaei, O., & Talebinejad, M. R. (2024). Effect of multiple intelligence-based activities on Iranian EFL learners’ vocabulary performance. Journal of Language and Translation, 14(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.30495/TTLT.2024.1047420
Malaran, J. G., & Pañares, N. C. (2025). Multiple intelligences among senior high school and their academic performance. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 8(5), 2259-2268. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v8‑i05‑03
Mart, Ç. T. (2013). Teaching grammar in context: Why and how? Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(1), 124-129. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.1.124-129
Olive, D. J. (2008). Robust statistics: Theory and methods. John Wiley & Sons.
Panahi, A. (2012). From psychology of intelligence to the pedagogy of multiple‑intelligences: Impact of spatial intelligence‑based instruction on the vocabulary performance of EFL learners. Iranian EFL Journal, 8(2), 128-142.
Purwanto, M. B. (2023). The implementation of English online learning in rural areas. Channing: Journal of English Language Education and Literature, 8(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.30599/channing.v8i1
Rashidi, N., & Mirsalari, S. A. (2017). Investigating the relationship between Iranian EFL learners’ use of strategies in collocating words and their proficiency level. Research in Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 93-118.
Razmjoo, S. A., Sahragard, R., & Sadri, M. (2009). On the relationship between multiple intelligences, vocabulary learning knowledge, and vocabulary learning strategies among the Iranian EFL learners. Iranian EFL Journal, 3, 82-110.
Saricaoğlu, A., & Arikan, A. (2009). A study of multiple intelligences, foreign language success and some selected variables. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5(2), 110-122.
Savojbolaghchilar, S., Seifoori, Z., & Ghafoori, N. (2020). The effect of multiple intelligence-oriented thematic clustering on advanced EFL learners’ vocabulary learning. Journal of Teaching Language Skills, 39(2), 169-201.
Salehi, N. (2025). Teaching vocabulary with augmented reality: Voices from junior high school English teachers. Discover Education, 4, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00673-6
Sener, S., & Cokcaliskan, A. (2018). An Investigation between multiple intelligences and learning styles. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(2), 125-132. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i2.2643
Shakir, S., & Mahmood, R. Q. (2021). The importance of grammar in communication for EFL/ESL learners. International Journal of English Language Studies, 3(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2021.3.3.1
Shayeghi, R., & Hosseinioun, P. (2015). The relationship between Iranian EFL learners’ multiple intelligences and their performance on grammar tests. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation, 9(9), 2972-2976. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1108506
Shearer, B. (2018). Multiple intelligences in teaching and education: Lessons learned from neuroscience. Journal of Intelligence, 6(3), Article e38. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence6030038
Skourdi, S., Damavand, A., Viyani, A., & Kashef, S. H. (2012). On the relationship between linguistic intelligence and vocabulary knowledge among Iranian EFL learners. The Iranian EFL Journal, 8(6), 289-303.
Sogutlu, E. (2018). Multiple intelligences and foreign language learning: Possible relationship. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on New Findings in Humanities and Social Sciences, 1-10. http://doi.org/10.33422/3hsconf.2018.09.01
Sylaska, K., & Mayer, J. D. (2024). Major choices: Students’ personal intelligence, considerations when choosing a major, and academic success. Journal of Intelligence, 12(11), Article e115. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12110115
Tajabadi, H., Meihami, H. & Zarei, A. A. (2024). The confluence of the creativity components in the ELT textbooks of inner, outer, and expanding circle countries: An investment theory of creativity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 51, Article e101463 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101463
Taj, F., Sheikh, S., & Khan, F. (2025). Impact of multiple intelligences based teaching on academic performance of university students. ProScholar Insights, 4(2), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.62997/psi.2025b-42072
Thompson, R. M., Salig, L. K., & Slevc, L. R. (2025). Is musical ability related to second‑language acquisition? A meta‑analysis. Royal Society Open Science, 12(1), Article e241193. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241193
Tiansoodeenona, M., & Sitthitikul, P. (2024). The theoretical review and practice of multiple intelligences in English language teaching. LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network, 17(1), 55-72.
Tsai, M.Y. (2016). Research on multiple intelligences of junior high school students with different background variables. Journal of Modern Education, 6(1), 10-18. https://doi.org/10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/01.06.2016/002
Walela, A. (2024). Multiple intelligence in the teaching and learning process: A study of Howard Gardner's thought, challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Education, Language, Literature, Arts, Culture, and Social Humanities, 2(4), 133-155. https://doi.org/10.59024/ijellacush.v2i4.1006
Wang, R. (2024). The construction of personalized language learning system under the guidance of ChatGPT. Journal of Education and Educational Research, 10(3), 182-185.
Wang, Y., & Liu, F. (2023). Emotional intelligence and second/foreign language achievement: A meta-analytic review. Language Teaching Research, Article e136216882311526. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688231152627
Wilson, S. D. (2018). Implementing co-creation and multiple intelligence practices to transform the classroom experience. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 11(4), 127-132. https://doi.org/10.19030/cier.v11i4.10206
Wu, Y., & Ye, Z. (2021). A review of multiple intelligence theory. In Proceedings of the 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021), 615. Atlantis Press.
Xu, W. (2025). Personality, intelligence, and second language learning success: A systematic review. Behavioral Sciences, 15(4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15040428
Yavich, R., & Rotnitsky, I. (2020). Multiple intelligences and success in school studies. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(6), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n6p107
Yıldız, T. (2023). Measurement of attitude in language learning with AI (MALL: AI). Participatory Educational Research, 10(4), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.62.10.4
Zarei, A. A., & Afshar, N. S. (2014). Multiple intelligences as predictors of reading comprehension and vocabulary knowledge. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 4(1), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v4i1.597
Zarei, A. A. & Asadi Amani, M. (2018). The Effect of online learning tools on L2 reading comprehension and vocabulary learning. Teaching English as a Second Language Quarterly (Formerly Journal of Teaching Language Skills), 37(3), 211-238.
https://doi.org/ 10.22099/jtls.2019.32248.2637
Zarei, A. A., & Mohseni, F. (2012). On the relationship between multiple intelligences and grammatical and writing accuracy of Iranian learners of English. US-China Foreign Language, 10(7), 1306-1317. https://doi.org/10.17265/1539-8080/2012.07.023
Zhang, L. (2024). General definitions of information, intelligence, and consciousness from the perspective of generalized natural computing. Applied and Computational Mathematics, 13(5), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.acm.20241305.17
